BAFF and TGF-1 levels were measured using Quantikine (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA)

BAFF and TGF-1 levels were measured using Quantikine (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). (86K) GUID:?BF20FD40-BF9F-4264-B548-4C26D53FDD98 Figure S2: TLR expression and function in CD11c+B220? DCs, CD4+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells from PPs. (A) Purified CD11c+B220? DCs, CD4+ T cells, CD19+ B cells from PPs, and PP cells, were analyzed for gene manifestation levels of tlr2, 4, and 9. Manifestation was identified as collapse induction compared with the -actin NSI-189 housekeeping gene. Data are indicated as mean SD (n?=?3). (B) Purified CD11c+B220? DCs, CD4+ T cells, or CD19+ B cells (1105 cells) from your PPs were cultured with or without Pam3CSK4 (1 g/ml) inside a 96-well flat-bottomed plate for 3 days and then IL-6 concentrations in NSI-189 the tradition supernatants were determined by cytometric bead array (CBA). (C) Purified CD4+ T NSI-189 cells (1105 cells) from your PPs were cultured with or without pre-coated anti-CD3 antibody and anti-CD28 antibody (1 g/ml) inside a 96-well round-bottomed plate for 3 days, and then IL-2 concentrations in the tradition supernatants were determined by CBA. (B, C) Data are indicated as mean SEM (n?=?3).(TIF) pone.0091857.s004.tif (187K) GUID:?F0EC22DC-8B76-4D16-853C-06B6E4BE6653 Figure S3: The effect of b240 within the PP cell viability. PP cells (5.8105 cells) were cultured with or without heat-killed b240 (4.7106 counts) for 4 days and then cell viability was evaluated from the Trypan blue dye exclusion test. Data are indicated as mean SEM (n?=?5).(TIF) pone.0091857.s005.tif (82K) GUID:?2275AD06-9ACD-4D51-AAD8-FBE83DDC9325 Figure S4: IgA production from b240- and IL-6-treated PP B cells. PP IgD+ B cells (2105 cells) were cultured with or without PP CD11c+B220? DCs (5104 cells), heat-killed b240 (1.6106 counts), or rIL-6 (0.2, 1.0, 5.0 ng/ml) for 7 days, and then IgA concentrations in the supernatants NSI-189 were determined by ELISA. The x-axis shows the detection limit for IgA.(TIF) pone.0091857.s006.tif (82K) GUID:?FECE678F-9972-4AFD-8247-3C35AED188FA Abstract Lactic acid bacteria are well known to possess immune-modulating effects, but the mechanisms underlying their modulation of the gut immune system are not fully understood. Here, we examined the localization of heat-killed strain b240 (b240) in intestinal cells and the effect of b240 on adaptive immune cascades in the gut. Histological analysis showed that b240 co-localized with dendritic cells (DCs) in the subepithelial dome region of Peyer’s patches (PPs). Inside a PP cell tradition system, b240 advertised the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-, and tumor necrosis element, but not IL-4, IL-5, B-cell activating factors, IFN-, IFN-, and transforming growth element-1. The enhanced IgA production by b240 was attenuated by neutralizing IL-6, a potent IgA-enhancing cytokine. b240 stimulated DCs to produce an elevated amount of IL-6 inside a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-, but not TLR4- or TLR9-dependent manner. Finally, we shown that TLR2-mediated IL-6 production from PP DCs in response to b240 triggered B cells to produce a large amount of IgA inside a DC-B cell co-culture system. Our findings open up the possibility that the heat-killed form of strain b240 can be used like a TLR2-mediated DC-activating biologic for enhancing IgA production in the intestine. Intro Gut mucosal epithelial surfaces are in continuous contact with a heterogeneous populace of endogenous microbiota and are exposed to foods, amazing microbes, and viruses [1], [2]. The gut therefore establishes unique monitoring and defensive mechanisms as well as a symbiotic immune system [3], [4]. One of unique features of the intestinal immune system is a highly specialized antibody inclination towards immunoglobulin A (IgA) production. The secretory form of Pf4 IgA (SIgA) NSI-189 antibodies offers been shown to play critical functions in both the protecting and symbiotic phases of intestinal immunity. SIgA therefore prevents the invasion of pathogens by inhibiting their binding to intestinal epithelial cells and neutralizing their derived toxins [6]C[8]. At same time, SIgA maintains the appropriate composition of commensal bacteria [6]C[8]. For the production of SIgA, gut-associated lymphoid cells (GALT) such as Peyer’s patches (PPs) are an important inductive site for the initiation and generation of antigen (Ag)-specific IgA-committed B cells [5]. In PPs, Ag-specific CD4+ T cells are primed and triggered by.