There is no difference between the pregnant women with COVID-19 in the third trimester and non-pregnant women with COVID-19 [24,60]

There is no difference between the pregnant women with COVID-19 in the third trimester and non-pregnant women with COVID-19 [24,60]. male sex hormones. The strength of immunity is crucial to fighting off viral infection. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 show different expression in male and female patients, and the antibodies have been regarded as having potential applications in COVID-19 prevention and treatment. This review aims to present the current status of what is known about the involvement of the male and female reproductive systems, as well as the effects on pregnancy health, during infection with SARS-CoV-2, and discusses the implications for future fertility. Keywords: Female, Male, Genitalia, Male, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Genitalia, Female Background In December 2019, a novel and contagious pneumonia skyrocketed in China and quickly and alarmingly spread worldwide. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) due to its high contagiousness and mortality [1]. More than 94 million people have been infected and more than 2.0 million people have died of COVID-19 as of January 16, 2021 all around the world, with the numbers still climbing. Furthermore, COVID-19 is considered the deadliest pandemic in over 100 years [2]. The presentations of COVID-19 are classified into mild/general, or severe symptoms. Usually, the patients with mild/general symptoms are either asymptomatic or have fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and respiratory illness, but this can then develop into severe symptoms like severe acute respiratory syndrome, bronchitis, pneumonia, organ dysfunction, and septic shock if no effective measures are 24R-Calcipotriol applied [3]. The number of cases with mild and general Gusb symptoms is 4 times more than the number of cases of critical disease [4]. In 24R-Calcipotriol addition, data from the National Health Commission of China showed that mild and general patients accounted for 80% of all COVID-19 cases, among which most had a good prognosis, and the fatality rate was approximately 5.6% [5]. However, the mortality rate for critically ill patients is up to 49% [6]. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a single-stranded RNA virus, is the cause of COVID-19, a respiratory illness. The genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2, which is ~80% similar to that of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [7,8], is 26C32 kb in length [9]. The mortality rate of COVID-19 is 10- to 15-fold higher 24R-Calcipotriol compared to other coronaviruses [4,10,11]. The numerous routes of infection, including direct contact, fomites, aerosol, delivery, and breastfeeding, were thought to be one of the reasons for the higher contagiousness of SARS-CoV-2 [4,12,13]. Multiple 24R-Calcipotriol systems and organs were reported to be affected by SARS-CoV-2 (eg, respiratory, digestive, 24R-Calcipotriol cardiovascular, liver, urinary, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems) [4,10,14,15]. To ensure the health of newborns, it is necessary to discover the impacts of COVID-19 on human reproduction based on the symptoms and mechanisms in the reproductive system. Due to the sex-specific biological susceptibility and genetics, COVID-19 may differ between males and females in behavioral risk factors, hormonal factors, environment, contagiousness, and mortality. For example, in females, the follicular membrane and granular cells of the ovary can be attacked by SARS-CoV-2, which can affect the quality of oocytes and even lead to female infertility [16]. However, there is no SARS-CoV-2 detected in the female reproductive system [17,18]. Males age 30 to 60 are more susceptible than those who are younger and older. More than 55% of male COVID-19 patients are reproductive-aged (15C49 years old) [19]. Therefore, researchers hypothesized that COVID-19 may have a huge impact on reproductive health. While some obvious clinical symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2.